Solved Sections and Columns rendering as raw code

Exactly one page of a website I'm working on has a section and a column at the bottom of the page that, rather than rendering in properly, have started showing up as just raw code, with the contained media and information being squished in where it can be (or else rendered into more code as is the case with one image at the very bottom of the page).
I'm not sure why this has started happening, and rebuilding the two sections from scratch has resulted in the same outcome: raw code, without proper rendering. From tests done on outside PCs and phones, the issue is universal across devices. Is there some way I can rectify this or am I looking at having to scrap and redo the two areas from complete scratch?
It may be relevant that this only became an issue after updating a plugin (Advanced Custom Fields PRO), but the issue was also present after reverting from the update to a previous backup environment. The outcome is identical whether before updating the plugin, or after.

Any help or insight that any one can give would be greatly appreciated.
Screenshot of the affected page and associated code for reference:

 

So it looks like enabling safe mode will remove plugins and designs, but the rendering issue remains. Even in safe mode, the two affected areas remain displaying as just code.

 

All of the plugins, as well as WordPress and Divi are updated. Took a few minutes to get the caches rebuilt once I cleared them but once that was done the page still displayed improperly.

Something else I'm noticing is that the sizing parameters used for a section at the top isn't being rendered, either. There's a small blurb of text there that suddenly spreads out and doesn't follow the container size once I exit the visual builder. This also appears to be happening to the text in the section/column at the bottom as everything there spreads out as well once I exit the visual builder.

All of the issues I'm experiencing are only present on a single page, and only visible on the end-user side of things; the issues do not appear when I'm in the visual builder for the page.

 

So it's looking like that original page had indeed gotten corrupted somehow. I rebuilt everything from the ground up using a spare test page and barring getting a new API key from google for the map aspect, the sections are displaying the way they should be.